Essay British Imperial Policies and Colonial Resistance

A new era was dawning on the American colonies and its mother country Britain, an era of revolution. The American colonists were subjected to many cruel acts of the British Parliament in order to benefit England itself. These British policies were forcing the Americans to rebellious feelings as their rights were constantly being violated by the British Crown. The colonies wanted to have an independent government and economy so they could create their own laws and stipulations. The British imperial policies affected the colonies economic, political, and geographic situation which intensified colonists’ resistance to British rule and intensified commitment to their republican values. The imperial tactics of the British Empire were†¦show more content†¦The colonists felt that their rights as Englishmen were being. These taxes impaired the colonial economy and left the colonists with a bitter feeling towards their mother country. The acts that affected the political aspec ts of the colonies were also passed in an effort to prevent their government from expanding. The Massachusetts Government Act took away their governmental independence and replaced it with more royal control. The colonial government was preventing England from exercising its control on the colony. This infuriated most of the colonists of Massachusetts and forced them to create their own secretive government. The Quartering act commanded colonists to house British soldiers in their home during a time of peace. The Quebec Act took away some of the political freedoms of the French colonists. Despite the fact that it did not directly concern the American colonists, it still bothered them and even dismayed some loyalists. All of these acts took away the colonists republican and democratic government that was budding. They could not create a stable form of government because their minuscule forms of self-government were being executed. They felt that their rights were being violated and c oerced them even further into rebellious feelings. The colonists still never gave up on their republican values suchShow MoreRelated2. Analyze the Ways in Which British Imperial Policies Between 1763 and 1776 Intensified Colonial Resistance to British Rule and Their Commitment to Republican Values.674 Words   |  3 Pages2. Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonial resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values. As generations grew up in America, nationalism within the colonies grew towards their new country. These settlers slowly lost their patriotic tie to Great Britain and it’s ruler, King George III. So when the French and Indian War ended in America, and the indebted England needed some compensation from American settlers inRead MoreThe Differences Between The British And The Colonists1142 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves as English subjects until 1763, when the administrative changes and enforcement of imperial policies brought the differences between the British and the colonists. These differences prevailed between 1763 and 1776, when the British enforced series of policies and acts/taxes that restricted the colonists on certain things under the Grenville ministry, this then led to the colonists intensified resistance through different types of protests and revolts towards other taxes, and in turn strengthenedRead MoreImpact of the First World War in Africa: The Development of the Continent1289 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean powers. The end of the First World War represented the end of some of the most important colonial empires such as the Austrian Empire or the Russian empire. Even so, for Africa, the world war was crucial for determining a new sense of nationalism that would later give rise to anti-colonial movements and eventually independence wars on the continent. The war in Africa revolved mostly around the British and the French fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, as well as fighting going onRead MoreCauses of the Revolutionary War: A British Perspective1313 Words   |  6 Pagesinterprets the war and its causes from an ethnocentric view. Had the war been won by the British, the views would be quite different. Both countries often threaten the other; at other times they were conciliatory. The causes for the Revolutionary War are well documented from an American perspective. But what about the British perspective? This paper will assess and analyze the causes of the Revolutionary War from the British viewpoint. Encouraged by successful wars in the Americans, Africa, and IndiaRead MoreThe Middle East, And America s Imperial Ambitions1177 Words   |  5 Pageschallenge the construct of the Middle East, and America’s imperial ambitions? My argument is that neo-colonial relations - between the United States and the Arab world – is responsible for the radicalization of terrorist, particularly ISIS. Considering America’s involvement in the construction of the modern Middle East, and its continued involvement in the region. This research question is significant because it interlinks post-colonial studies with contemporary security studies. This link is importantRead MoreEffects Of The Collapse Of The British Empire : Decolonization1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Collapse of the British Empire: Decolonization During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the British Empire was the leading power of the world. From the mountains of India, to the farmlands of Kenya, Imperial Britain ruled over a quarter of the world’s population. Britain, was the empire in which the ‘sun never set.’ However, by the end of World War II (1939-1945), the imperial sun had begun to wane. Fueled by nationalistic sentiment, British colonies, dominions, and protectoratesRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdomination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potentialRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Revolution2391 Words   |  10 Pages When French and British both claimed expansion into the Ohio River Valley in 1756, the war broke out. This war was called the French Indian War, also known as the Seven Years’ War. Actually, it was the first worldwide war because it was a massive conflict between Spain, France, England, North America, Austria, Philippine, and Prussia. The Seven Years’ War lasted from 1756 to 1763. It ended with British’s victories at Louisburg, Fort Frontenac and Quebec. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 was an afterwardRead More Evolution of British Policy in the Colonies: 1750 to 1776 Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of British Policy in the Colonies: 1750 to 1776 The relations between England and the British North American colonies could always be considered precarious. Prior to 1750 British essentially followed a policy of benign neglect and political autonomy in the American colonies. (Davidson p.97) The colonies were for the most part content with benign neglect policy, relishing in a â€Å"greater equality and representative government†(Davidson p.95) within the colonies. Competition among EuropeanRead MoreThe abolition of slavery in Africa and the Middle East Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagesand Middle East. The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, was one of the most active institutions in looking for suppression of slavery, in India, Africa and the Middle East.2 They pushed to British government to take direct actions in abolish Indian slavery, and indirect actions on non-European regions were slavery was common. In the Muslim world and in some extent to the East African Coast, the abolition was seen as a imposition from outside.3 Therefore, resistance to the imposition of

The Second Amendment Prohibited Citizens Under The Age Of...

In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled the Eighth Amendment prohibited citizens under the age of eighteen from being sentenced to life in prison without consideration of extenuating circumstances. In 1963, not even two weeks after his seventeenth birthday, Henry Montgomery murdered Charles Hurt and was sentenced to life in prison without parole. Montgomery, now sixty-nine years old, is challenging the state of Louisiana’s authority to keep him behind bars. Should he, along with many others in the same situation, be given the chance to prove himself as an upstanding citizen of the United States of America? Montgomery’s and other prisoner’s freedom hangs in the balance as the nine justices of the Supreme Court debate whether or not they should be granted collateral review. In November of 1963, eleven days after his seventeenth birthday, Henry Montgomery, an African American boy, was playing hooky in a park just outside of Baton Rouge when he murdered Louisiana deputy, Ch arles Hurt. Hurt was assigned the job of rounding up the truants that day, and while he was searching Montgomery after catching him skipping school, Montgomery panicked and pulled out the small pistol he had tucked into his jacket pocket. Montgomery’s lawyers argued that he had developmental issues and an IQ in the seventies, therefore, he did not completely comprehend his actions. However, a now twenty year old Henry Montgomery was sentenced to die. In 1969, the court reversed its decision because of racialShow MoreRelatedEssay on Americans Should be able to Protect Themselves with Guns1395 Words   |  6 PagesIf you have ever been in a life threatening situation with no way to defend yourself, being denied access to a firearm makes the situation worse.   Many law abiding citizens that feel threatened are not able to obtain a firearm for protection.   Innocent people are dying while criminals are getting away with gun related crimes.   There can be many regulations and laws against guns, but if a person wants a gun they will find a way to get one.   The thought of criminals having guns in their possessionRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 Pagessouthern states. The thirteenth amendment of the constitution was passed on the eighth of April 1864 which officially abolished and prohibited slavery in the United States (Brown, 213). This amendment was however not fully effective since it provided an opportunity for selective enforcement of certain laws, for example: The Mississippi black codes states that all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found on the second Monday in January 1866, or thereafterRead MoreGun Control : A Reference Handbook1639 Words   |  7 Pageshis contributions to science and mathematics, Plato, a Greek philosopher, too held views on armament control. To expand, he reflected praises for an oligarchy government, a government with all power, along with favoring the withdrawal of arms from citizens and a desire to enforce the holding of weapons in his state. Plato also wished to impose obligatory military training and have military operations once a month, as mentioned by Earl R. Kruschke in his book Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. The policiesRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1437 Words   |  6 Pageswith a new amendment or by abolishing an existing amendment. However, in today’s economy new issues and concerns come about, the Constitution allows us to be able to change and meet the demands of the present and future. To change the Constitution you will need two-third of the votes in which Representative’s must vote on the change, two-thirds of the senators must vote on the change and three-fourths of the States that boils down to 38 out of the 50 States must vote for the amendment (Bianco, 2013)Read MoreEssay on How Big is Your Gun1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Second Amendment to the United S tates Constitution, in 1791, stated â€Å"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† The controversy soon started on who, what, and how the founding fathers bestowed these rights. Who should be allowed to carry arms? What type of arms should be allowed to bear? How can the people obtain these arms? All of these questions have been debated, discussed, and arguedRead MoreHobby Lobby The Court Reiterated1898 Words   |  8 PagesIn Hobby Lobby the Court reiterated its interpretation that a corporation has rights similar to that of an individual (Citizens United v. FEC), since corporations are composed of individuals, and thus are due the rights granted in the RFRA. The Court in Hobby Lobby found that providing contraception, and access to reproductive healthcare, serves the compelling state interest of public health and welfare. In parallel, this Court found that ensuring that people have coverage by health care providersRead MoreEssay about The Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Major Public Health Concern of Tobacco Now, more than ever, more and more people are beginning to look at tobacco use as a major public health concern. It is nineteen ninety nine, and the number of smokers is rising while the average age of smoking initiation decreases. There are those that believe using tobacco of any type should be illegal, or at least restricted. Others believe it is up to the person to choose whether to use tobacco products or not, however most of these people believeRead MoreGun Politics Of The United States1593 Words   |  7 Pagescountry today. According to the Second Amendment, which is found in the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† It means that states have rights to train soldiers to protect itself and individuals have rights to bear arms to defend themselves if the government gets out of control or dictatorial. The second amendment was adopted in 1791 and addedRead MoreEssay on A Well Regulated Militia by Saul Cornell1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Second Amendment of the United States was written by our Founding Fathers,â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (Government). The main purpose of the Second Amendment when our Founding Fathers wrote this amendment was to help the American citizens to defend themselves from the governm ent at that time, and other countries from invading their properties. However, the Second Amendment couldRead MoreThe United States Constitution2133 Words   |  8 Pagesbranch of the government relies upon this document to dictate how power is distributed in this democracy and the people rely on the Constitution to protect them from the Federal governments power. Before the Constitution the colonies were divided under the governance of the Articles of Confederation. This first government was adequate through the Revolutionary War but afterwards the people needed union and a strong central government. The need for a government spurred men into action and the Constitutional

The Mousterian Middle Paleolithic Tool Industry

The Mousterian industry is the name archaeologists have given to an ancient Middle Stone Age method of making stone tools. The Mousterian is associated with our hominid relatives the Neanderthals in Europe and Asia and both Early Modern Human and Neanderthals in Africa. Mousterian stone tools were in use between about 200,000 years ago, until roughly 30,000 years ago, after the Acheulean industry, and about the same time as the Fauresmith tradition in South Africa. Stone Tools of the Mousterian The Mousterian stone tool production type is considered a technological step forward consisting of a transition from Lower Paleolithic hand-held Acheulean hand axes to hafted tools. Hafted tools are stone points or blades mounted on wooden shafts and wielded as spears or perhaps bow and arrow. A typical Mousterian stone tool assemblage is primarily defined as a flake-based tool kit made using the Levallois technique, rather than later blade-based tools. In traditional archaeological terminology, flakes are variously shaped thin stone sheets knapped off a core, while blades are flakes which are at least twice as long as their widths.   The Mousterian Toolkit Part of the Mousterian assemblage is made up of Levallois tools such as points and cores. The tool kit varies from place to place and from time to time but in general, includes the following tools: Mousterian point/convergent scraper: short, broad triangular projectile points struck from prepared coresLevallois flakes with retouch: sub-oval, subquadrangular, triangular, or leaf-shaped flakes struck from cores, which may have been retouched, that is to say, a series of small purposeful flakes have been removed from the flake to create an edge which is either sharp for cutting or blunted to make it safe to holdLevallois blades: elongated oval or rectangular blanks removed from cores with basal preparation and correction of the core convexityLevallois cores: include two types, pebble and bipolar. Pebble cores are clasts or angular rock fragments from which a series of flakes have been detached by percussion; bipolar cores are those created by placing the clast on a hard surface and striking it from above with a hard percussor History The Mousterian tool kit was identified in the 20th century to solve chronostratigraphic problems in western European Middle Paleolithic stone tool assemblages. Middle Stone Age tools were first intensively mapped in the  Levant  where British archaeologist Dorothy Garrod identified the Levantine  facies  at the site of Mugharet et-Tabà ¼n or Tabun Cave in what is today Israel. The traditional Levantine process is defined below: Tabun D or Phase 1 Levantine (270 to 170 thousand years ago [ka]), laminar blanks from Levallois and non-Levallois unipolar and  bi-polar  cores, higher frequency of retouched piecesTabun C or Phase 2 Levantine (170 to 90  ka) oval or rectangular blanks from cores, Mousterian points, side  scrapers, notches, and denticulatesTabun B or Phase 3 Levantine (90 to 48  ka), blanks from Levallois cores, Mousterian points, thin flakes and blades Since Garrods day, the Mousterian has been used as a point of departure to compare stone tools from Africa and southwest Asia. Recent Critiques However, United States archaeologist John Shea has suggested that the Mousterian category may have outlived its usefulness and may even be getting in the way of the ability for scholars to effectively study human behaviors. The Mousterian lithic technology was defined as a single entity in the early 20th century, and although during the first half of that century a range of scholars tried to subdivide it, they were largely unsuccessful. Shea (2014) points out that different regions have different percentages of the different tool types and the categories are not based on what scholars are interested in learning. Scholars would like to know, after all, what was the tool making strategy for different groups, and that is not readily available from the Mousterian technology in the way it is currently defined. Shea proposes that moving away from the traditional categories would open up paleolithic archaeology and enable it to address the central issues in paleoanthropology. A Few Mousterian Sites Levant Israel: Qafzeh, Skhul, Kebara, Hayonim, Tabun, Emeireh, Amud, Zuttiyeh, El-WadJordan: Ain DiflaSyria: El Kowm North Africa Morocco: Rhafas Cave, Dar es Soltan Central Asia Turkey: Kalatepe DeresiAfghanistan: Darra-i-KurUzbekistan: Teschik-Tasch Europe Gibraltar: Gorhams CaveFrance: Abric Romani, St. Cesaire, Grotte du NoistierSpain: LArbreda CaveSiberia: Denisova CaveUkraine: Moldova SitesCroatia: Vindija Cave Selected Sources Bar-Yosef O. 2008. ASIA, WEST: Palaeolithic Cultures. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 865-875.Close AE, and Minichillo T. 2007. Archaeological Records: Global Expansion 300,000-8000 years ago, Africa. In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 99-107.Culley EV, Popescu G, and Clark GA. 2013. An analysis of the compositional integrity of the Levantine Mousterian facies. Quaternary International 300:213-233.Petraglia MD, and Dennell R. 2007. Archaeological Records: Global Expansion 300,000-8000 years ago, Asia. In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 107-118.Shea JJ. 2013. Lithic Modes A–I: A New Framework for Describing Global-Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20(1):151-186.Shea JJ. 2014. Sink the Mousterian? Named stone tool industries (NASTIES) as obstacles to investigating hominin evolutionary relationships in the Later Middle Paleolithic Levant. Quaternary International 350:169-179.

CRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay - 10218 Words

The Demonic Perspective Trephining Individual who were having illusions or were delusional had a hole drilled in their skull in order to get rid of the spirits. If that person was still alive, the procedure was successful Witchcraft Correlated with ‘The Crucible’ where Tituba, Sarah Good Sarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus 20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. Assumptions of Demonology Secularization: a systematic and general attempt to explain something The world is a battlefield†¦show more content†¦Video Notes: The Burning Times After the roman times, women’s continued traditions of the old religion and were leaders, counsellors, visionaries and healers (a.k.a. wise women). The Christian Church and state branded them witches and condemned them as worshippers of the Devil. Idea of witches date back to the Renaissance and the period in history known as the witch craze. Taught to fear the witches but still drawn to their powers (Conical=knowledge, cauldron=origins of life + magical power of women). The word witchcraft has been used to dismiss cultural traditions around the world. The Society of the Alejo (Brazil): for generations, the traditions of their African ancestors were kept alive. Women who practiced rituals like the Alejo in Africa/America were called heathens and were persecuted as witches. They are called witch-doctors and charlatans. Modern doctors are beginning to re-examine the healing power of the human spirit. European healers who were burned relied on Christian faith when performing their cures. Witch comes from ‘wic’ which means to bend of shape consciousness/events of life through meditations chants. New Pagans feel like they are returning to a pre Christian tradition which honours women and men. The Church

Australian Aborigines Free Essays

The kinship system is the social relationships that constitute the family connection by blood, marriage, or adoption; family relationship in a particular culture, according to Websters Dictionary. The Australian Aborigines kinship system determines how people interact with each other and it also determines their roles and responsibilities. Within the Australian Aborigines kinship system they use it for a lot more things then say our kinship system, â€Å"it is used for marriage funeral roles and ceremonial relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Aborigines or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have a system of classes which puts everybody in a specific kinship relationship. The Australian Aborigines have a cross–cousin marriage rule. Cross–cousins are the children of opposite–sex siblings, such as the father’s sister or the mother’s brother. One could marry his dad’s sister’s daughter or his mom’s brother’s daughter† (Nowak and Laird 2010). Some Australian Aboriginals have many names, like a birth name, personal name or a bush name and some have English speaking names. Their personal names aren’t used by English speakers, but by other Aboriginals in their community (Turpin 2000). In Australian Aboriginal culture, dreamtime is used when someone is talking about their or their family’s spirituality. It also has many meanings like â€Å"the period of creation, the moral order and the source of all spirits. Dreamtime can also refer to a specific geographic or topographic point or a totem spirit (animal spirit recognized as a kin group’s ancestor). It is an all–pervasive philosophy that permeates all aspects of Aboriginal life† (Nowak and Laird 2010). The Aborigines of Australia have lived the same way with the same culture untouched until 1788. 788 is the year of the first British fleet to land at Australia and establish a colony. The Aborigines had their own way of life until Australia started to become colonized. At that point they were the oldest surviving race in the entire world. The Aborigines of Australia were a people way before the Egyptians started building the Great Pyramids, before the Greeks started work on the Pantheon and when Britain was a Roman Empire. When the British came to Australia and they encountered the Aborigines they thought of them as primitive and didn’t understand the Aborigines culture. To the Aborigines land is a spiritual thing and an economic resource; they took care of the land because the land took care of them. It gave them food, wood and tools. They would perform ceremonies too and for the land. They lived and worked in family groups and their camps would have huts for the people to live in and the get out of the elements, but some of the Aboriginals lived in caves or out in the wild open. Some camps were small with only 6 to 12 people and other camps were very large with some being upwards around 400 people. Now the bigger the camp meant the more food that was accessible for how many people who lived in the camp. Everyday members of the group would go out to hunt and gather food for the whole camp to share (Crystal, 2001). I don’t feel that kinship impacts these same behaviors in my life. The Aboriginals were a lost people in my eye and once the world got to them and made them make changes they may have lost some of their roots. I was raised a totally different way than the Aboriginals are even today. They still try to be themselves as much as they can be. I have seen TV shows where an Aboriginal is walking in Sydney Australia and is just amazed at what we have made the world into. And in the end it always has the Aboriginal wanting to get back to his land with his people where the land is a spiritual thing and should be taken care of, not tore up and made into metal and machine. I think maybe life would be better if we as people didn’t always want to get a bigger, better something and we were just happy with what we had. Maybe if the British had learned from the Aboriginals instead of employing their views and thoughts and cities and towns, just maybe we as a people today would be a better people and would want to take care of the land that we live in†¦Maybe taking care of the land would be in my culture. Reference www.crystalinks.com/aboriginals.html How to cite Australian Aborigines, Essay examples Australian Aborigines Free Essays Australian Aborigines The Australia Aborigine’s culture has always had my attention. From the places they lived to they way they where treated always amazed me. After reading about their rituals, social organization and settlement patterns for the textbook, they are a society of people who are all one. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Aborigines or any similar topic only for you Order Now The type of kinship they practice is all is one. For example, if an outsider came to their tribe someone in the tribe would classify that outsider as their mother, and a name that is given to that tribe members real mother will be given to the outsider. According to Scheper-Hughes, N. n the 1993 article: Cephu’s choice: Is natural for human beings to want personal liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world. â€Å"Among Australian aborigines of the Western Desert, each new person comes into the world circumscribed by ancestral origin myths about ‘Dreamtime’ which structure the world and rigidly define the place of all aboriginal people within it. The myths determine each person’s position and the marriage strategies, kinship ties and friendship alliances that each must pursue in adherence to the sacred geography and its accompanying moral economy. The Dreaming’, wrote William Stanner, ‘determines not only what life is, but also what it can be. Life, so to speak, is a one – possibility thing’. In this aboriginal society there is no sense of personal ‘agency’ fundamental to western notions of liberty and democracy. Nor is there any idea of an individual search for personal salvation which Christian missionaries have tried, but normally failed, to communicate. † The way Australia Aborigines use kinship affects the way they l ive, act and think. Since there system is â€Å"all is one† they live with the common understanding that they are all under one belief system. This can be compared to when someone in your family marries; the person they marry is now your family. This understanding creates a strong bond between people who are not technical blood related. The thought of people with such a bond helps in battles and growth within a society. In my own society the type of kinship seen in the aborigines can be seen with close family and friends. Our society tends to compare when we know the person or someone we trust knows the outside person. However, unlike the aborigines, our society has shown a way of turning away what is unfamiliar or unlike them. This brings a crack or weakness in our society because our bonds or circles are not as big because of it. I believe we can learn several things from foragers like the Australia Aborigines to make ourselves stronger. Reference: Scheper-Hughes, N. (1993, Cephu’s choice: Is natural for human beings to want personal liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world. New Internationalist, , 11-13. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/200094581? accountid=32521 How to cite Australian Aborigines, Papers

Kahalagahan Ng Wika at Kalikasan free essay sample

This was much more than a cholera epidemic, William Watson said. Watson, chairman of the history department at nearby Immaculata University, and his twin brother Frank have been working for nearly a decade to unravel the 178-year-old mystery. Anti-Irish sentiment made 19th-century America a hostile place for the workers, who lived amid wilderness in a shanty near the railroad tracks. The land is now preserved open space behind suburban homes in Malvern, about 20 miles west of Philadelphia. The Watsons and their research team have recovered seven sets of remains since digging up the first shin bone in March 2009, following years of fruitlessly scouring the area for the mens final resting place. One victim has been tentatively identified, pending DNA tests. The brothers have long hypothesized that many of the workers succumbed to cholera, a bacterial infection spread by contaminated water or food. The disease was rampant at the time, and had a typical mortality rate of 40 percent to 60 percent. We will write a custom essay sample on Kahalagahan Ng Wika at Kalikasan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other immigrants, they surmise, were killed by vigilantes because of anti-Irish prejudice, tension between affluent residents and poor transient workers, or intense fear of cholera — or a combination of all three. Now, their theory is supported by the four recovered skulls, which indicate the men probably suffered blows to the head. At least one may have been shot, said Janet Monge, an anthropologist working on the project. I dont think we need to be so hesitant in coming to the conclusion now that violence was the cause of death and not cholera, although these men might have had cholera in addition, Monge said.

Nursing Field Argument free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to inform those who may be unaware of the problem of low nurse to patient ratios and how to correct it. Many patients suffer due to understaffed nurses. Not only does the patient suffer, the nurse does as well. A patient faces a higher chance of having pneumonia and it being unnoticed and untreated, due to the fact that a nurse has so many patients to care for all at once. Quite a few nurses become burnt out due to working an abundant amount of hours at a time, even become dissatisfied with working as a nurse. In order to prevent low patient to nurse ratios there should be maximum of four patients to one nurse. The issue of low nurse to patient ratios needs to be corrected in order to prevent chaos in the nursing field. Low Nurse to Patient Ratios Correction A recent issue in the nursing field has become extremely prevalent in the past decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Field Argument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Low nurse to patient ratios have been linked to putting patients in danger. Not only do the low ratios affect the patient, they have added stress up on the nurse as well. An abundant amount of Nurses become burnt out. Working long hours filled with hard labor have caused nurses to become fatigue and overworked. Nurses no longer want to work in the nursing field any more due to circumstances. This issue needs to be corrected in order to prevent putting patients and nurses as well in danger. Low nurse to patient ratios can be corrected by having a maximum of 4 patients at once. This number of patients is ethical and is not costly. When a nurse has a large amount of patients things that can be easily noticed go unnoticed. If there is a low nurse to patient ratio, a nurse may very well overlook little signs that can lead to a diagnosis. Due to low nurse to patient ratios a patient faces a higher chance of obtaining pneumonia. Once the patient has pneumonia in many cases it goes undetected. As a result of the viral infection not being detected is goes untreated. An increase in nurse patient ratio shows a 9. 5 percent decrease in the odds of a patient getting pneumonia (Stanton). If a nurse had more time with a single patient the viral infection could be easily recognized and treated. A patient dying under the care of a nurse is a very big issue. As an effect of low staffed urses an abundant amount of patients face a seven percent increase in the probability of dying within 30 days of admission to a hospital (â€Å"Hospital Nurse †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). They also are up against a seven percent chance of a nurse failing to rescue (â€Å"Hospital Nurse †). Not only does the low nurse to patient ratios affect the patient but the nurse as well. A nurse’s day is full of tedious tasks. A nurse works extremely hard d uring the time they are on the floor working. After working extremely hard for a 12 hour shift with multiple patients a person is over worked. As a result of doing this day after day, a person becomes burnt out. Forty-three percent of nurses had high burnout scores (Schwenk). Other than a nurse becoming burnt out, a nurse may also become dissatisfied with the nursing field. A nurse is typically passing out medications and providing direct care a patient, but in most cases ends up going outside of the responsibilities described in their job description. A nurse ends up performing duties of those that are to be done by a certified nursing assistant or licensed practical nurse due to the fact that there is a high amount of patients all at once. Since the nurse is doing many other jobs they ultimately feel as though they no longer want to work as a nurse. With each additional patient, a nurse faces a 15 percent increase in the chances of becoming dissatisfied as working as a nurse. Forty-three percent of nurses had low job-satisfaction scores (Schwenk). To prevent nurses from becoming dissatisfied with this field, there needs to be a law mandating that a nurse is to only have 4 patients to care for. In each and every facility where a nurse is employed, the mandatory nurse to patient ratio should be four patients to one nurse. This ratio is reasonably cost efficient. According to research done by Thomas Schwenk, if the amount of patients were to be increased, from four patients to one nurse, to any number up to eight patients would result in five deaths per one thousand patients. The ratio of four patients to one nurse is an ethical ratio. Once a minimum of four patients to one nurse is mandated in all states of America, patients will no longer have to worry about receiving adequate health care. Nurses will no longer become dissatisfied as working as a nurse. When the number of patients a nurse has is lowered, a nurse will only complete what it is that a nurse is required to do, instead of performing the duties of a nursing assistant. A nurse will not be burnt out after a shift, due to the fact that they will only be responsible for giving care to four patients. Works Cited Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH. â€Å"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction. † JAMA, 30 October 2002. Web. 1 September 2012. Stanton M. A. , Mark. †Hospital Nurse Staffing and Quality of Care. † Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Web. 1 September 2012. Schwenk MD, Thomas. â€Å"Low Nurse Staffing Ratios, Patient Safety, and Nurse Burnout. † Journal Watch Specialties, 8 November 2002. Web. 7 September 2012. Annotated Bibliography Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH. â€Å"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction. † JAMA, 30 October 2002. Web. 1 September 2012. The article basically discusses low patient to nurse ratios. This problem has become extremely prevalent in the past decade. It goes into detail on how it affects the nurse and patient as well. Research done by the authors of this article show that each additional patient a nurse has brings on a 23 percent increase in the odds of a burn out and 15 percent increase in job dissatisfaction. In many cases the nurse becomes burnt out, due to all of the work and time put in. As an effect of low staffed nurses an abundant amount of patients face a seven percent increase in the probability of dying within 30 days of admission to a hospital. They also are up against a seven percent chance of a nurse failing to rescue. Stanton M. A. , Mark. †Hospital Nurse Staffing and Quality of Care. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Web. 1 September 2012. This article written by Mark Stanton goes into fixing the low patient to nurse ratios and as well some of the effects. The article goes over nurses becoming burnt out and dissatisfied with working as a nurse. Studies done by the AHRQ brings the effect of low staffed nurses and the higher chances of patients getting pneumonia. An i ncrease in RN patient ratio shows a 9. 5 percent decrease in getting pneumonia. If a nurse had more time with a single patient it could be easily recognized and treated. Welton PhD RN, John. Mandatory Hospital Nurse to Patient Staffing Ratios: Time to Take a Different Approach. † The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 30 September 2007. Web. 1 September 2012. This article discusses an alternative way to help with low nurse to patient ratios. Instead of having a mandatory nurse to patient staffing ratio, simply charge patients based on the care they were given. It goes into arguing the alternative solution. The option is cost efficient. This option decreases the chances of a nurse becoming burnt out because a nurse does not work as many hours. It also rules out the chances of job dissatisfaction.